南水北调中线工程水质监测站点布设研究

科学合理布设水质监测站点是加强南水北调中线工程对突发水污染事件监控,保障水质安全的重要手段。制定水质监测站点的布设方案受到监测效率与布设成本的约束,同时,监测仪器精度、污染物衰减特性的不确定性等问题也对布设方案产生影响。以中线工程京石段为研究对象,基于一维水质模型,以突发水污染事件漏报率最低、发现时间最短以及监测站点布设成本最小为目标函数,构建水质监测站点布设多目标优化模型对布设方案进行优化,同时结合监测仪器精度对目标函数的影响确定了最优布设方案,在此基础上,分析了污染物衰减特性对最优布设方案的影响。研究结果可为中线工程合理布设水质监测站点提供建议。     

外源ABA与盐胁迫对银边吊兰生长及生理特性的影响

[目的]通过探究外源ABA与不同浓度盐胁迫对银边吊兰生长及生理特性的影响,为盐渍化土壤中园林草本植物的耐盐适应奠定一定的理论基础.[方法]以水培条件下生长健壮的银边吊兰为材料,设置3个盐浓度梯度处理1个月(分别为S0(0 mmol/L)、S1(100 mmol/L)、S2(200 mmol/L)及2个ABA喷施处理(喷施与不喷施)),对其叶片形态、生物量、净光合速率(Pn)和蒸腾速率(Tr)、光合色素含量、渗透调节物质含量和抗氧化酶活性等进行测定与分析.[结果](1)盐胁迫下银边吊兰生物量、叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、可溶性糖含量显著降低;光合速率(Pn)和蒸腾速率(Tr)显著下降;膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量显著增加,表明盐胁迫显著影响了银边吊兰的生长及营养物质积累,抑制了其光合特性,加剧了其氧化胁迫.盐胁迫下银边吊兰通过提高根冠比以提高对逆境的耐受性,增加脯氨酸含量以应对渗透胁迫,增强过氧化物酶(POD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性以应对氧化胁迫.表明银边吊兰通过调节其生长生理特性对盐胁迫做出了积极响应.(2)喷施外源ABA使盐胁迫下银边吊兰的生物量、根冠比、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量显著增加,表明外源ABA缓解了盐胁迫对其生长、营养物质积累和光合特性的影响;同时,外源ABA增加了盐胁迫下银边吊兰的脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量,缓解了其渗透胁迫;而膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低,POD和APX活性显著升高,表明外源ABA通过调节银边吊兰的抗氧化酶活性缓解了盐胁迫对其造成的氧化胁迫.[结论]盐胁迫显著抑制了银边吊兰的生长.银边吊兰通过增加其根冠比、提高渗透调节物质脯氨酸含量和抗氧化酶活性以积极应对.喷施外源ABA可进一步增加盐胁迫下植株的根冠比、渗透调节物质含量和抗氧化酶的活性,降低蒸腾速率,有效缓解盐胁迫对银边吊兰的伤害,提高其抗盐性.     

Optimizing the Proportions of Plant Protein Ingredients in the Diet of Juvenile Blunt Snout Bream,Megalobrama amblycephala

An 8‐wk feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the influence of different proportions of dietary plant ingredients on the growth of juvenile blunt snout bream, Megalobrama amblycephala. A 2 × 3 factorial arrangement was set for this trial with three ratios of cottonseed meal (CSM) and canola meal (CM) (2:1, 1:1, or 1:2) and three proportions of soybean meal (SBM) (2, 1, or 0). The results showed that the specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio both significantly decreased with decreasing amounts of SBM in the diets of blunt snout bream (P < 0.05), while the feed efficiency ratio and feed intake increased significantly (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the growth performance and feed utilization were shown to improve with increasing amounts of CSM, although the effects were not significant (P > 0.05). The interaction of these two factors had no effect on either growth or feed utilization (P > 0.05). Diet composition was not seen to affect body composition (P > 0.05). The ratio of CSM to CM significantly affected gut amylase activity, liver alanine aminotransferase content, and plasma cholesterol levels (P < 0.05). The interaction between the two main effects significantly influenced the plasma glucose level (P < 0.05). Therefore, the suitable proportion of plant feed for blunt snout bream should include high levels of SBM and CSM, with a SBM : CSM : CM ratio of 2:2:1.     

Integrated Evaluation and the Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Semi-Wild Cotton under Complex Salt-Alkali Stress

[Objective] The genetic diversity of semi-wild cotton was abundant, so more new elite resistant genes could be found and applied to improve the resistance of cotton. The aim of this study was to primarily study on the regulation of response to salt-alkali stress, explore the method of integrated evaluation and characterize the resistance of semi-wild cotton. [Method] Four semi-wild and two cultivated Gossypium hirsutum accessions were evaluated for phonotypical, physiological and biochemical traits under alkali-salt versus normal conditions in hydroponic solutions. The alkali-salt tolerance was determined based on principal component analysis, cluster analysis, correlation analysis, grey rational analysis and analysis of variance. [Result] On the basis of the overall results, the alkali-salt stress tolerance of the six accessions was ranked as: Marie-galante85 > Latifolium32 > CRI16 > CRI12 > Latifolium40 > Latifolium130. Roots were found to be the most important responsive systems to complex alkali-salt stress. At seedling growth stage, the active scavenging system played a crucial role in response to alkali-salt stress. In addition, the salt tolerant and salt sensitive accessions showed different response tends towards leaf peroxidase, root ascorbate peroxidase and root catalase within 48 h, suggesting the accessions have different levels of response to salt stress. [Conclusion]Our study identified the most alkali-salt tolerant accessions and provided basic concept of complex alkali-salt tolerance mechanism within cotton accessions. And, our study provided a simple and rapid, highly accurate and precise method for evaluating salt resistance of cotton, and proved that the balance of ROS system play an important role in response to salt-alkali stress. Hence, mining of salt tolerant genes from these accessions may facilitate the development of novel salt tolerant variety.     

A metabolic study in hepatopancreas of Litopenaeus vannamei response to white spot syndrome virus

International Aquatic Research - White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) cause great harm in shrimp aquaculture. To understand the impact of viral infection on the shrimp metabolism, we monitored the...     

Effects of adding sucrose on Penaeus monodon (Fabricius, 1798) growth performance and water quality in a biofloc system

A 60‐day indoor growth trial was conducted to study the effects of biofloc on the growth performance of a Penaeus monodon (Fabricius, 1798), water quality and biological indicators including biofloc volume, chlorophyll‐a, heterotrophic bacteria and Bacillus quantity. Two concentrations of sucrose (0 and 75%) were added daily to the P. monodon culture systems (2.94 ± 0.11 g), which were conducted indoors in fibre‐glass tanks (500 L). Results showed that the final body weight and weight gain of the adding 75% sucrose group were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of the control, as well as significantly (P < 0.05) improved specific growth rates and survival rates, and reduced feed coefficient. Adding 75% sucrose promoted heterotrophic bacteria, Bacillus and phytoplankton reproduction, and significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the concentration of ammonia‐N (NH₄‐N), nitrite‐N (NO₂‐N) and nitrate‐N (NO₃‐N). The changes of water quality indicators in the two groups showed the similar trend at the end of the experiment, and the ammonia‐N, nitrite‐N, nitrate‐N and phosphate‐P concentrations in the 75% sucrose group were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than those of the control group, Chlorophyll‐a concentrations peaked at 389.12 μg/L in the biofloc sucrose group at 18:00 h, and heterotrophic bacteria peaked 8 h after sucrose was added. The addition of sucrose also reduced the pH of the water. Our research showed that adding sucrose promoted biofloc formation and shortened the formation time; increased the number of heterotrophic bacteria and algae which might play a role in improving water quality by assimilating ammonia‐N and other harmful substances in the water; supplemented food for P monodon growth; and reduced the feed coefficient.     

Effect of Bacillus cereus as a water or feed additive on the gut microbiota and immunological parameters of Nile tilapia

We evaluated the effects of Bacillus cereus, as an additive in water and feed, on the gut microbiota and immunological parameters of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings. Experiments were performed in tanks and net cages respectively. Experiment 1: Tilapia were housed in tanks for 42 days, and B. cereus was added to the water at 1.0 × 10⁴ cfu mL^?1 (Treatment 1) and 1.0 ×10⁵ cfu mL^?1 (Treatment 2) weekly. For the control, no probiotic was added. Experiment 2: Tilapia were housed in cages for 42 days, and the feed was supplemented with B. cereus at 1.0 × 10⁷ cfu g^?1 (Treatment 1) and 1.0 × 10⁸ cfu g^?1 (Treatment 2) weekly. For the control, no probiotic was added. Each treatment contained three replicates, with 50 male tilapias per replicate. The fish from the probiotic treatments in both tank and cage experiments had significantly higher serum lysozyme and peroxidase activities than the control. In the cage experiment, alkaline phosphatase and total superoxide dismutase activities in tilapia were significantly higher in probiotic treatments compared with the control. The results of polymerase chain reaction‐denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis showed that B. cereus supplementation in the feed and water affected the autochthonous gut bacteria community of tilapia and stimulated various potentially beneficial bacteria. Therefore, B. cereus, as a water or feed additive, could enhance the immune status and affect the gut microbiota of tilapia. Bacillus cereus was more effective as a feed supplement rather than a water additive for enhancing the immune status of tilapia.     

水产养殖中亚硝酸盐毒性影响及处理的研究进展

亚硝酸盐是水产养殖系统中常见的污染物,也是影响水体生态环境的重要因素。养殖水体中亚硝酸盐浓度超标会造成鱼类、软体动物、甲壳类等水生动物中毒甚至死亡。本文论述了亚硝酸盐的产生机理、毒性与危害以及治理方法等,以期为安全有效地降解亚硝酸盐、提高水产养殖产业的经济效益、修复生态环境的平衡提供科学依据。     

加勒帕戈斯群岛野生棉第二次考察简报

在2015年考察的基础上，于2016年9月21日-10月2日再次赴厄瓜多尔的加勒帕戈斯群岛，重点对Santa Cruz、Isabela和San Cristobal三个岛上的达尔文氏棉和克劳茨基棉的自然分布进行调查。观察到28个野生棉自然居群，遗传多样性丰富；特别是发现了达尔文氏棉新类型，具有珍贵的保存和研究价值，充实和丰富了我国棉花种质资源基因库。同时分析了达尔文氏棉的地理分布、形态特征和生态适应性，并对其后续研究和利用方向进行讨论和展望。